华盛顿油价最新报道_华盛顿油价最新报道今天

1.引起中国油价上涨是什么原因？

2.高分求一篇关于最近经济危机的英文文章,最好是有评论的```

3.美国为什么没有高铁

引起中国油价上涨是什么原因？

1、国内税率很高

国内汽油税率很高，与国外有一定差距。根据相关数据，消费税占26.81%，增值税占14.53%，城建税占2.89%，其余为企业所得税等。所有税收加在一起，汽油税高达48.05%，而汽油的实际成本价只有51.95%。在美国，虽然各州的税收不同，但几乎是中国的三分之一。

2、美元贬值

2008年以来，通货膨胀一直存在。2008年一升汽油只要6.3元，现在不可能了，买同样的一升汽油需要更多的钱。与此同时，美元一直在贬值，而人民币却在升值，这也是国内油价只涨不跌的原因之一。

3、国际油价不等于市场价格

国际原油价格对后期油价有影响，对当前油价没有影响。国际原油市场的最大买家是“三桶油”，但国际原油的定价权掌握在美国手中，所以美国的购买价格比我们便宜得多，所以销售价格更低，汽油的零售价格由原油成本、炼油成本、运输成本、销售成本、进口环节成本、税费等组成。

4、精炼水平低

原油需要提炼，所以需要有一定的损耗。国内原油炼制损失很大，国内汽油炼制水平的精炼油率只有60%。因为缺乏先进的炼油技术，如果有先进的技术，100L的原油至少可以得到80L的汽油，而按照目前国内的炼油水平，只能得到60L，所以油价自然高。

中国油价上涨的根本原因了解后，那中国油价受下列因素影响:

1、国际油价。国际油价的变化将直接影响中国油价的变化，国内油价的调整机制遵循国际油价。

2、OPEC和其他主要产油国的原油产量和出口量。

3、宏观经济。世界主要国家如中国、美国、德国和法国的经济增长将影响国际油价，当经济繁荣时，需求会增加，油价也会上涨。经济不景气，需求减弱，油价就会下跌。

4、通货膨胀。一旦市场上有充裕的资金，就会出现通货膨胀，此时大部分东西的价格都会上涨，油价也不例外。

5、国内原油产量。如果国内原油产量大幅增加，油价就会下跌。目前国内油价较高是因为中国进口依存度较高，一旦发现大油田，有望解决国内原油依赖问题。

6、原油进口渠道受阻。石油进口渠道的收紧将不可避免地影响国内油价。

7、市场炒作。原油是金融市场的主要交易品种，因此，它吸引了来自世界各地的许多大资金参与其中，短期内资金的炒作可能会使国际油价大幅波动。

高分求一篇关于最近经济危机的英文文章,最好是有评论的```

纽约：经济危机殃及餐饮业

New York's vaunted restaurant scene is in for some lean times, according to the newest Zagat survey released on Tuesday, with price hikes coming at a time when diners say they are eating out less often and spending less in the face of dire economic conditions.

"Restaurants are clearly feeling the pinch from the economic crisis," said Tim Zagat, founder of the survey now in its 30th year which bases its food, decor and service ratings for some 2,000 restaurants on feedback from restaurant patrons.

But he added that the industry would weather the hard times, just as it did following the 1987 stock market crash and the September 11 attacks.

The pullback was not limited to diners, either, the survey found. Restaurant openings declined for the first time since 2003, down to 119 from last year's 163, and 187 just three years ago.

Nearly 40 percent of the survey's 38,000-plus respondents said they were coping with the shaky economy by eating out less often, and by patronizing less expensive restaurants.

All this in a year in which Zagat found prices up 3.3 percent, or far more than the one percent annual hike that prevailed over the past six years. High-end diners were hit even harder, with a nearly 10 percent tab increase.

The erage tab in New York was $40.78, still less than the steepest US total of $44.44 in Las Vegas, and far behind other world capitals such as Paris, Tokyo, and even Toronto.

The bracing findings were one explanation for a spate of new burger, pizza and barbecue places that popped up this year, the survey noted. Even celebrity chefs such as Alain Ducasse and Jean-Georges Vongerichten opened bistros or noodle shops.

Any good news mostly centered around establishments that topped the ratings. Per Se nabbed the top spot for the first time for both food and service, with diners citing an "unforgettable, transcendental gastronomic marathon" -- with an erage $303 tab to match.

The ratings cellar was once again reserved for theme restaurants like American Girl Place or Hard Rock Cafe, but celebrity hangout Elaine's scraped bottom with even lower marks for service and décor.

据Zagat调查公司本周二发布的一项最新调查显示，纽约的高档餐厅如今可是生意惨淡。受经济危机和物价上涨的影响，纽约人不再像过去那样经常“下馆子”，餐饮支出也有所减少。

该调查的发起人蒂姆?扎格特说：“餐饮业已明显感到经济危机的影响。”这项已有30年历史的年度调查主要根据食客的反馈评估纽约约2000家餐厅的菜品、装修和服务。

但扎格特认为，这次餐饮业最终会度过难关，就像挺过1987年的股市崩盘和“9/11”恐怖袭击一样。

此外，调查发现，少的还不仅仅是食客，今年纽约新开张的餐馆数量自2003年来首次下跌，从去年的163家减少至119家，而三年前则为187家。

在3.8万多受访者中，近40%的人称他们为了应对眼下的经济危机，已经不经常出去吃饭，或者选择去较便宜的餐馆就餐。

Zagat调查发现，今年纽约的餐饮物价整体上涨了3.3%，大大超过过去六年所保持的1%。其中高端消费者倍受打击，价格涨幅达到了近10%。

在纽约出去吃一顿饭平均花费为40.78美元，低于全美最高的、的44.44美元，比起巴黎、东京甚至多伦多等其它国家的首都则要低得多。

调查指出，这些“鼓舞人心”的发现可以解释为什么今年纽约冒出了很多汉堡店、皮萨店和烤肉店。就连阿兰?杜卡斯和希恩-乔治四?沃格里腾这样的名厨也开起了小酒馆或拉面馆。

好消息大都关于那些在评级中名列前茅的餐馆。Per Se首次摘得菜品和服务“双科冠军”，食客们对它的评价是“令人难忘、无与伦比的美食享受”，这家餐厅的平均消费为303美元。

主题餐厅“美国女孩”和“滚石咖啡”再次垫底，但名人Elanie’s 的服务和装修这两项指标得分更低，排在最后一名。

经济危机：我们老百姓能做些什么？

Billions of pounds he been wiped off the value of shares after recession fears sparked panic selling across the world. The experts say there is more pain to come - and everyone will eventually feel the impact of the market downturn.

I he shares, should I worry?

If you are still holding stocks and shares in individual companies you're either a hardy soul or he been burying your head in the sand as the markets he been jittery since the start of the year. "This is fairly late in the day - nervous investors will he already moved into cash or safer investments," says Martin Bamford, an independent financial adviser at Informed Choices.

Baby

If you do hold money in the market you need to decide if it is time to crystallise your losses, or if you he the stomach to sit tight and hope for a recovery. Parents who he invested their child trust fund (CTF) voucher in the stockmarket should not be too alarmed - there are years to go before the money can be withdrawn, or in the case of a stakeholder CTF is moved to safer investments, in which time the market could recover.

I moved my money - will I be OK?

It depends where and when you moved it. Money market funds, which had traditionally been seen as a safe hen for investors, he been falling too, while commodities prices he also been dropping. Property funds are doing badly and even cash accounts, which used to be regarded as the safest of safe places to put your money, he had a bad week with the collapse of Icese. Fixed-interest securities, which traditionally do well when stock markets fall, he failed to ignite this time round, but Bamford reckons they will bounce soon. But he adds: "There is risk in every type of asset class in a recession."

My pension is invested in the stock market. Should I be worried?

Most people start moving money into safer investments as they near retirement, so those with pensions invested in stocks and shares should still he time on their side. However, Bamford says there will be some people roaching retirement who are still exposed to the markets. "There will be people who he been completely caught out by this," he says. "They might he to reconsider their plans for retirement - the timing and their lifestyle may he to be different."

Earlier this week, Hargrees Lansdown said the value of personal pensions had fallen by a fifth since last year. The latest we of falls will he wiped even more off their value. However, the firm's head of pensions research, Tom McPhail, says if you he more than 10 years until retirement the best strategy "is just to ignore what is going on at the moment". He explains: "This will all he probably played out by the time you get to retirement, so you should keep paying your regular contributions to your pension."

I he an occupational pension - will I be hit?

You could be. If it is a defined contribution scheme, where the amount you receive when you retire depends on the performance of the assets in which it is invested, then you are in the same boat as anyone with a personal pension. If you are about to retire the company operating your work pension should he been moving your share of the money into safer assets, so you won't be hit too hard. If you he years to go before you finish work, then there is time for losses to be recovered.

If you he a final salary scheme, where the amount you get is linked to your earnings, then you will be insulated from the falls in the short term, says McPhail. "In the medium term it will he an impact, though. One result that we will see is final salary schemes closing at a faster rate than at the moment."

Ros Altmann, an independent pensions analyst, says most employers are likely to give up on final salary schemes: "Most of them were in deficit before the market falls, and almost all will be now." More worrying, she says, is that if your company fails and you end up hing to claim your pension through the Pension Protection Fund, you will only get 90% of what you had sed.

My pension has plummeted and now I he to buy an annuity

Unless you he reached 75, at which point the rules say you he to use your fund to buy an annuity to provide you with an income, you might want to sit tight in case the market recovers. The sum of money you he with which to buy the annuity will determine how much you he to live on for the rest of your life, so you might want to wait to see if your fund recovers some of its value and you can buy a better income. The is considering suspending the rules so that those who he reached 75 can also wait.

However, McPhail warns: "The risk of not cashing in your investment is that there is no certainty that the market will recover soon." And while you wait for it to bounce back, annuity rates could fall. "If you are keeping your money in the market waiting for a recovery, then keep your eye on annuity rates too," he says.

If you are concerned, it would be wise to take advice.

I don't he shares or a pension - will I be OK?

"It's easy to see it as just problems in the financial markets, but this is going to he a knock-on effect on everybody," says Bamford. "The only questions are to what extent and how long it will take to feel the impact."

As the FTSE falls value is knocked off the UK's biggest companies, leing them with less money to invest. Instead of expanding their businesses they could start reducing staff numbers, leading to redundancies.

Those companies do not exist in a vacuum - they do business with other firms who will also be hit if they start to rein in their spending. Workers everywhere could eventually feel the impact of the downturn.

Is there any good news?

A little. The price of oil has slumped in recent weeks, which should mean cheaper petrol and could ultimately push down gas prices. Interest rates he been cut by 0.5% this week and further cuts are likely as the Bank tries to prop up the UK economy, which is good news for the third of borrowers on tracker mortgages. And while base rate cuts are usually bad news for sers, the fact that banks and building societies are seeking cash means they are still offering attractive interest rates on deposits.

经济衰退导致的恐慌性抛售导致股票市值被抹去了数十亿英镑。专家们说，这还不算完呢－－最终，每个人都会感受到市场低迷的冲击。

我是持股人，我该担心吗？

如果您手中仍有个别公司的股票，不是心理承受力特强的话，那就是从年初市场动荡的时候开始就一门心思死扛了。马丁.班福特(Martin Bamford)，Informed Choices公司的独立财经投资顾问说：“现在已经太晚了，稳健的投资者转成了现金或更安全的投资领域”。

如果您在市场中资金，那割肉的时候到了；或者，您有安安稳稳坐等经济恢复的本事。向儿童信托基金投资（CTF）的父母无需太过担心－－离取出这些钱还有相当长的一段时间，否则，若CTF的持股人把资金转到更安全的投资项目时，市场可能已经复苏了。

我已经离市，总该没事了吧？

这要看看您把资金移到了哪里，什么时候转移的。传统上被投资者们视为安全天堂的货币基金同样在下跌，于此同时，日用品的价格也在下跌。产权基金糟透了，即使是现金账户，这个曾被认为是最安全存钱地点的地方，也因为Icese的崩溃经历了糟糕的一周。固定利率的有价证券，传统上认为会在证券下跌时表现尚佳的它，这次却没有爆发它的小宇宙，但是班福特预计他们会很快反弹。他补充说，“在经济不景气中，任何形式的资产都有风险。”

我的退休金都投到了股市，我该担心吗？

大多数人在临近退休时把他们的投资转成了比较安全的投资方式，所以，这些把退休金投入证券和股票的人此刻仍有时间。然而，, Bamford说，部分临近退休者仍有暴露于市场危机中的风险。“有些人将完全意识到这一点，他们必须重新审议自己的退休－－不论是在退休时间还是退休后的生活方式上都将被迫变得不同。”

本周早些时候，Hargrees Lansdown 曾说，个人退休金的价值自去年开始已缩水了五分之一。最近几天的下跌浪潮使得缩水数值变得更大。退休金研究公司的主管汤姆.麦克菲尔(Tom McPhail)说，如果离退休尚有10年以上，那么此刻的最佳策略就是“充耳不闻”。他解释说：“等到退休金开始发放时，很可能这一切都已经过去了，所以您应该保持退休金的缴纳。”

我有一份职业养老金－－这会被冲击吗？

有可能。如果这是一份界定养老金（defined contribution scheme），在这种养老金中，您的收益和基金的资产投资收益表现挂钩，就是说，您和任何同样持有个人养老金的人坐在一条船上。

麦克菲尔说，最终薪金方案（ final salary scheme）中，您的收益和与收入挂钩，如果您有这项方案，就可以避免短期的下挫。“虽然在中期上仍然会有冲击。最终我们可以看到的一个结果是，在这段时间，薪金方案关闭速度要得快得多。”

罗斯.奥特曼(Ros Altmann)，独立退休金分析师。他说，多数的雇员倾向于放弃最终薪金方案：“他们中的多数人在市场下挫之前就已经出现了赤字，现在几乎全部出现了赤字。”更令人担忧的事情是，如果您的公司已倒闭，并最终不得不从养老金保障基金（Pension Protection Fund）取出退休金的话，您能得到的只是所存全部金额的90％。

我的退休金暴跌，现在必须去买一份年金（annuity）了。

除非您已经75岁了，处于这种情况下，规定上说您必须用存款买一份年金以提供一份收入，您可以坐等可能出现的市场复苏。您用来买年的资金量将决定您余生赖以为生的收入，所以，也许您想等等看您的基金价值是否能回弹一些，这样您的收入就会有所改善。正在考虑延缓这些规定，这样，达到75岁的人群仍可等待一段时间。

然而，麦克菲尔警告说：“投资不兑现的风险在于，市场复苏的明确信号并不存在。”而在您等待经济反弹的时候，年金收益率可能已经下调了。“如果您把资金放在市场里等待复苏就一定要紧密关注年金收益率。”

如果您理解了这一点，就会知道，纳建议是一种很聪明的方式。

我没有股票或退休金，总该安全了吧？

班福特说：“单纯的金融领域的问题易于发现，但是金融领域的问题会引起连锁反应，唯一的问题是，范围会有多大，感受到冲击需要多长时间。”

富时指数上英国大公司们市值的大跌导致他们可投资资金的减少。无须扩展市场，他们可以开始减少员工的数量，这导致裁员。

这些公司并非存在于真空中－－他们与其他同样紧缩开支的公司做生意。最终所有的雇员都可以感受到市场低迷的冲击。

有什么好消息吗？

很少。近几周，石油价格暴跌，这意味着便宜的汽油，最终将导致油价下跌。本周，银行试图救市，利率下调了0.5％并有进一步下调的可能，这对追踪的第三方借贷者来说是个好消息。一般来说，基本利率的下调对于储蓄者是坏消息，而银行和建筑业正寻求现金这一意味着他们仍将为储蓄提供诱人的利率。

美国为什么没有高铁

价值680亿美元的美国最大的单项公共交通工程，也是第一条名副其实的高铁，有望马上动工。高铁，即时速在200公里以上的高速铁路，1903年就在德国问世。当时创造的时速达到203公里。不过那是尚处于研究开发阶段的产品，难以投入到实际使用中去。到1964年，即在东京奥运会的时候，世界第一条常规的通勤高铁——连接东京和大阪的东海道新干线正式通车，时速达210公里。如今，高铁已经遍布日本、法国、英国、德国、西班牙、意大利等发达国家，中国等发展中国家的高铁也发展迅猛。美国在19世纪下半期靠着世界最大的铁路网扩张到西部，并一跃而成为世界第一大经济体，但迄今为止仍无高铁。加州的高铁，在30多年前就开始研究，经过旷日持久的斗争，最近才算有了“零的突破”。这本身就是个奇观。美国在高铁建设上的落后，是由相当“例外”的“国情”所决定的。在进入20世纪之时，美国本来是世界头号铁路王国，但创新的脚步并没有停在铁路上，马上就率先进入汽车社会，随即民用航空也迅速崛起。高速公路体系和航空公司，在二战后获得了决定性的胜利，把铁路挤出交通客运的竞争圈。当时如蜘蛛网般的铁路，相当一部分被废弃。如今走到美国各地，都能看到由这些废弃铁路线改建的供自行车、跑步专用的非机动车道。克林顿1992年当选总统时，曾幻想着把美国各大城市用日本式的新干线连接起来，但八年下来一无所成。论者纷纷指出这种是多么不靠谱。如今各州的地方铁路通勤线，基本都处于赔钱状态。唯一赚钱的，是从波士顿到华盛顿沿线人口密集的东北部走廊。这条线已经用了高速列车。但是，许多部分的轨道还是旧式的，甚至有些属于19世纪的设施，列车在大部分路段无法跑到全速，很难算作高铁。直到今天，“高铁不适合美国”依然是主流意见。说“高铁不适合美国”，并非没有道理。铁路客运需要密集的人口、稳定的客流，而美国是个地广人稀的国家，靠几条铁路线很难把四散分布的人口连接起来。特别是汽车社会形成后，联邦在上世纪50年代斥巨资发展高速公路体系，城市以摊大饼的方式向郊区铺张发展，再加上油价低廉，美国人逐渐形成了短途靠汽车、长途靠飞机的出行模式，给铁路客运剩下的市场非常小。另外，铁路建设需要较大的先期投入，美国又是个以地方社会为中心的草根式国家，联邦和州的权力受到层层制约，每一项预算的通过都是一场战斗。这在加州的高铁之战中体现得淋漓尽致。所以，大规模的铁路客运很难成为现实。当然，这并不是说美国的铁路运输落后。 《经济学人》不久前还专门报道，美国的铁路货运是世界一流的：不仅效率高，而且费用几乎比任何主要国家都低。这种高效率的货运，又全是私营，并不靠的资助。究其原因，在于美国是世界最大的原材料和农产品大国之一。矿产和农产品的运输，地点集中固定（往往是从一个矿区到一个港口），货运量庞大，只有铁路才能有效地承担。特别是本世纪油价飞涨，铁路运输的节能效率比起公路和飞机来高很多。这使得美国的铁路成为运输业的一颗耀眼的明星。一些国家日益增强的贸易需求，也对美国的铁路货运有着非常直接的刺激，使得美国的铁路和海港生意兴隆。油价的高涨，同样影响到客运。汽车成为能源危机的罪魁祸首。环保意识的增强，也使人们为了减排而首先拿汽车开刀。建设高铁的呼声，也在这样的背景下升温。比如，人口达千万的芝加哥，正在成为全美内陆高铁的中心：西北连接威斯康星，西南连接堪萨斯，东南连接印第安纳和俄亥俄。此外，得州、佛罗里达、纽约州等，也都酝酿着高铁。而海岸线被旧金山、洛杉矶、圣地亚哥等几个中心城市所主宰，并在政治上被喜欢公共工程的民主党所统治的加州，则条件最为成熟。然而，即使在这里，高铁建设仍然是一场激烈的战斗。（作者为美国萨福克大学副教授）